The water flow through the apparatus is controlled by the delivery valve of the hydraulics bench and the flow rate. Fluid mechanics measurements in wind tunnel studies, aeroacoustics, and turbulent mixing layers, the theory of fluid mechanics, the application of the laws of fluid mechanics to measurement techniques, techniques of thermal anemometry, laser velocimetry, volume flow measurement techniques, and fluid mechanics measurement in nonnewtonian fluids. Fluid mechanics of flow metering wolfgang merzkirch springer. Fluidmechanics measurements in wind tunnel studies, aeroacoustics, and turbulent mixing layers, the theory of fluid mechanics, the application of the laws of fluid mechanics to measurement techniques. Fundamentals of fluid mechanicsfluid mechanics chapter 8 pipe. Flow measurement flow metering principles orifice, venturi, flow nozzles, pitot tubes, target, variable area, positive displacement, turbine, vortex, electromagnetic, ultrasonic doppler, ultrasonic timeof. Water turbines hydro electricity is a reliable form of renewable energy. Fluid mechanics notes pdf, fluid mechanics book, fluid mechanics pdf notes 1. Venturi meter posted on march 15, 2011 april 4, 2012 by mrsoltys a venturi meter is a device that allows flow rates through pipes to be calculated by measuring the difference in pressure created by a contraction in a pipe. Characteristics of flow past an objectcharacteristics of flow past an object 12 for a givenfor a givenshaped object, the characteristics of the flow depend shaped object, the characteristics of the flow. Iiit is not onlhflid lily the fluid velocity thd i h h fhhat determines the character of the. Actually flow separation is boundary layer separation and it occurs whenever the change in velocity of the fluid in either ma. For each position on the switch the port directly behind is connected.
Pdf the basic operating principle of differential pressure flowmeter is based on the premise that the pressure drop across the meter. Particle paths, streamlines and streaklines in 2d steady flow 326 1. Flow measurementventuri meter fluid mechanics coursera. Most meters are based on deriving a signal from the fluid flow and calibrating the signal. View lab report experiment05 flow metering from me 3100 at indiana university, purdue university indianapolis. The calibration is done in fullydeveloped flow, and the same state of flow must exist at the meter s position when. Feres 21803 1 general assumptions the picture represents a pipe bounded by a surface s, through which. The relation between pressure and velocity for flow of a compressible fluid through an. An introduction to fluid mechanics, macrocirculation, and microcirculation shows how fluid mechanics principles can be applied not only to blood circulation, but also to air flow through the lungs, joint lubrication, intraocular fluid movement, renal transport among other specialty circulations.
Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids liquids, gases, and plasmas and the forces on them 3 it has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including. Our commercial grade fluid flow meters offer durable, compact, high precision fluid measurement systems at a fraction of the price youd expect to pay for. Pitot tube, venturi meter and orifice meter classification of orifices, flow over rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal and stepped notches broad crested weirs. The calibration is done in fullydeveloped flow, and the same state of flow must exist at the meters position when it is in practical use. Most meters are based on deriving a signal from the fluid flow and calibrating the signal against the volumetric flow rate. There is a tendency to make flow measurement a highly theoretical and technical subject but what most influences quality measurement is the practical application of meters, metering principles, and metering equipment and the use of quality equipment that can continue to function through the years with proper maintenance have the most influence in obtaining quality measurement. Intro to fluid flow dublin institute of technology. It is also possible to measure total flow which is the total volume or mass which has flowed in a set time period. The widely used flow meters in the industries are orifice meter, venturimeter and flow nozzle. Fluid flows and fluid circuits department of mathematics. It is also possible to measure total flow which is the total volume or mass which has flowed in a set time. When the fluid flow increases, heat energy is drawn from the heated sensor and the temperature difference between the sensors are reduced. Coriolis mass flow meters for liquid and gas measurement. The velocity of flow at any point in the open channel can be most accurately and conveniently determined by means of a mechanical device named currentmeter.
Fluid flow metering systems provide vital information for the following purpose. Speciality flow meters flow measurement fluid mechanics. This is also the reason that the next flow meter type was developed. Apr 30, 2016 in a stationary no flow fluid condition there is a constant temperature difference between the two temperature sensors. The volume rate of flow measured in metres cubed per minute. Fluid mechanics calculations and example problems in civil. Fluid flow measurement can encompass a wide variety of fluids and applications. The efficiency of a fluidbased system can be viewed in a number of. Fluid flow is ubiquitous in many systems and improving their efficiency can lead to significant societal benefits. Fluid flows and fluid circuits notes for math 308 mathematics for the physical sciences r. In order to understand flow separation, you must get familiar with formation of boundary layer, i hope you know about it. Basics equations for fluid flow the continuity equation q v.
In a stationary no flow fluid condition there is a constant temperature difference between the two temperature sensors. This chapter is aimed at a basic understanding of fluid mechanics and multiphase flow in pipes and channels. Handbook of fluid flow metering doc handbook of fluid flow metering this is likewise one of the factors by obtaining the soft documents of this handbook of fluid flow metering by online. They consist of a short length of pipe shaped like a vena contracta, or the portion with the least crosssectional area, which fits into a normal pipeline. Venturimeters and orifice meters are more convenient. Soil mechanics flow nets page 3 it is also useful in visualising the flow in a soil to plot the flow lines 3 blue lines noted fl, these are lines that are tangential to the flow at a given point and are illustrated. There is a tendency to make flow measurement a highly theoretical and technical subject but what most influences quality measurement is the practical application of meters, metering principles, and. Fluid mechanics, pumps, piping, and hydro power part 1 fluid mechanics hydrostatics 6. A large number of life support systems involve fluid flow in channels. Request pdf fluid mechanics of flow metering the flow downstream of three conditioners, a tube bundle and two perforated plates, is investigated experimentally by means of particle image. There are numerous ways of measuring fluid flow rates or velocities.
Pdf fluid flow measurement techniques researchgate. Measurement in fluid mechanics also features extensive background materials in system response, measurement uncertainty, signal analysis, optics. Flow measurementorifice meter fluid mechanics coursera. When the fluid flow increases, heat energy is drawn from the heated. Flow meters measure the volumetric flow rate in a pipeline. Types of flow in fluid mechanics linkedin slideshare. Fluid mechanics lab 1 free download as powerpoint presentation. The manning equation is used for uniform open channel flow calculations including flow rate and normal depth. Actually flow separation is boundary layer separation and it occurs. Measurement of velocity by currentmeter with diagram. The national measurement system for fluid flow nvlpubsnistgov. Introduction venturi meter are used to measure the velocity of flow of fluids in a pipe. The volume flow rate however, does depend on the diameter of the opening because the volume flow rate is the area times the velocity, which is therefore equal to a2 square root of 2gh, which is actually the. The reduction is proportional to the flow rate of the fluid.
Flow metering devices cannot provide accurate measurement of the flow rate through a pipe when flow entering the measurement device is distorted. An introduction to fluid mechanics, macrocirculation, and microcirculation shows how fluid mechanics principles can be applied not only to blood circulation, but also to air flow through. Venturi meter posted on march 15, 2011 april 4, 2012 by mrsoltys a venturi meter is a device that allows flow rates through pipes to be calculated by. But the volume flow rate q is equal to the throat area multiplied by the square root of this expression, where p1 p2 is the pressure difference between the upstream section and the throat. For pipe flow, the type of flow is determined by a nondimensional number vd. The calibration is done in fullydeveloped flow, and the same state of flow must exist at the meter s position when it is in practical use. This turbulent fluid flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move in a zigzag way, the eddies formation takes place which is responsible for high energy loss. Lecture 14 jonathan mestel imperial college london pulsatile.
Each total head tube thus measures the local velocity at a di erent location. Currentmeter of common use may be classified in two categories according to the type of revolving part used. Pipe diameter acoustic path length flow velocity medium velocity of sound medium 29112006. This fluid can range from thick oils to light gasses. Our commercial grade fluid flow meters offer durable, compact, high precision fluid measurement systems at a fraction of the price youd expect to pay for comparable systems with similar features and benefits. Velocity flow meters including moving member meters. The static head at various points in the flow path may be measured on a manometer panel. Two major areas of fluid mechanics applications in civil engineering are open channel flow and flow in pipes. Recognize various forms of mechanical energy, and work with energy conversion efficiencies. Fluid mechanics pdf notes fm pdf notes smartzworld. For instance, if one wishes to measure the flow rate, then a direct measurement of volumemass flow can be done during a fixed time interval. The flow in which the adjacent layers cross each other and do not move along the well define. The velocity of flow at any point in the open channel can be most accurately and conveniently determined by means of a. Soil mechanics flow nets page 3 it is also useful in visualising the flow in a soil to plot the flow lines 3 blue lines noted fl, these are lines that are tangential to the flow at a given point and are illustrated in figure 2.
Characteristics of flow past an objectcharacteristics of flow past an object 12 for a givenfor a givenshaped object, the characteristics of the flow depend shaped object, the characteristics of the flow depend very strongly on various parameters such as size, orientation, speed, and fluid propertiesand fluid properties. Wolfgang merzkirch editor fluid mechanics of flow metering wolfgang merzkirch editorfluid mechanics of flow met. Consequently, flow meter manufactures and a number. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read fluid mechanics of flow metering.
Metering element flow flow straighteners figure 14. Fluid flow instrumentation in the physical world, mechanical engineers are frequently required to monitor or control the flow of various fluids through pipes, ducts and assorted vessels. Most meters are based on deriving a signal from the fluid flow and calibrating the. They consist of a short length of pipe shaped like a vena contracta, or the portion with the least crosssectional area.
Fluid mechanics of flow metering wolfgang merzkirch. Fluid mechanics lab 1 flow measurement fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics by modi and seth, standard book house. The flow in which the adjacent layers cross each other and do not move along the well define path is called as turbulent flow. Another alternative for pipe flow calculations is the hazen williams equation for. The mass flow rate measured in kilograms per second. Consequently, flow meter manufactures and a number of independent organizations such as asme, aga and ansiapi recommend that flow meters not be installed near and downstream of elbows. The darcy weisbach equation is used along with the friction factor for pipe flow calculations. Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids liquids, gases, and plasmas and the forces on them 3 it has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, civil, chemical and biomedical engineering, geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology. Introduction to flow rate and velocity measurement. Understand the use and limitations of the bernoulli equation, and apply it to solve a variety of fluid flow problems. It is also possible to measure total flow which is the total volume or mass. Fluid mechanics faculty of engineering imperial college.
This is reached by formulating the classical balance equations of fluid mechanics, namely mass, momentum, energy and entropy, and applying them to channel flow. The efficiency of a fluid based system can be viewed in a number of ways, such as the energy used to overcome resistance or the effectiveness with which a contaminant is dispersed. Fundamentals of fluid mechanicsfluid mechanics chapter 9. The coriolis flowmeter is a type of flowmeter which. Water turbines are highly efficient and easily controlled to provide power as and when it is needed. In addition, the only system currently available to store large quantities of electrical power is pumped storage.